ipCly 240 sflF qoN nypfl ivwc Èfh Grfxy df rfj cwldf afieaf, ijs ivwc ÈfhI Kfndfn dy anyk Auqfr-cVHfa KUnI Kyl vI dyKy, pr iesdf aMq ipCly mhIny bhuq hI nftk BrpUr hflfqF ivwc ÈFqmeI ZMg nfl hoieaf. mOjUdf smyN ivwc koeI vI rfj Grfxf aYny amn cYn hflfq ivwc Kqm nhIN hoieaf, ijMnf nypfl df ieh ÈfhI Grfxf sI, ijs ivwc golI ny Gwt pr vot ny iËafdf kMm kIqf. Èfh Grfxy ny nypfl ivwc rfj qF 240 sfl kIqf, pr iesdI hoNd qF nypfl ivwc 450 sflF qoN vI iËafdf sI, ijsdf ieiqhfs suKfvIaF, kuKqrIaF, muÈklF, musIbqF ijwqF, hfrF aqy hfsohIxIaF BrpUr irhf. Èfh Grfxy dy ieiqhfs anusfr muwKI srdfr drfbIaf sI, ijs ny nypfl dy aslI vsnIk goriKaf koloN 1559 eIsvI ivwc ijwq pRfpq krky kbËf kIqf. Èfh kunby ny lwgBwg 185 sfl goriKaf dI grIbI df pUrf lfB ilaf aqy afpxy afp kyvl nypfl dy Coty-moty kbIilaF ƒ ijwqx qwk hI sImq rwiKaf, pr jdoN 20 sfl dI Aumr ivwc hI rfxf ipRQvI nrfiex Èfh ny 1742 ivwc afpxy afp ƒ nypfl df rfjf aYlfn idwqf, jo ies ihmflIan pRdyÈ leI sB qoN aihm Gtnf sI, ipRQvI nrfiex Èfh leI iewk ÈfhI qKq aqy qfj iqafr kIqf igaf aqy qfjpoÈI qoN bfad ies Èfh Grfxy ny nypfl AuWqy iswDf rfj kIqf. agly 25 sflF ivwc ies rfjy ny afpxy ierd-igrd dy gorKy pRdyÈF AuWqy hmly krky AunHF ƒ afpxy aDIn kIqf. ienHF ijwqF ivwc kTmMzU ielfky dI vfdI dI ijwq afpxy afp ivwc bhuq hI aihm sI.

ies rfjy dI mOq 1775 ivwc ho geI, pr Aus smyN qwk sfrf hI gorKf ielfkf Èfh rfjy aDIn ho cuwikaf sI. Aus smyN dy gorKf lYNz ivwc qIsqf ndI vI Èfml sI jo awj Bfrq dy ibhfr pRdyÈ dy ivckfr lMGdI hY. ipRQvI nrfiex Èfh dI mOq 53 sfl dI Aumr ivwc hoeI, pr Auh afpxy sfry hI nvyN rfj ƒ pUrI qrHF afpxy kMtrol ivwc nf rwK sikaf ikAuNik Aus qoN pihlF sfrf hI nypfl Coty-vwzy kbIilaF dy aDIn sI. ies leI AusdI mOq qoN bfad gorKy kbIilaF ny iPr afpxf isr AuWcf cuwkxf ÈurU kIqf aqy agly 70 sflF qwk iewk vfr iPr nypfl ivwc arfjkqf df rfj hI cwldf igaf, jdoN qwk muV jMg bhfdr kuMvr ny KUnI rfj plyt rfhIN nypfl dI sfrI qfkq afpxy hwQF ivwc lY leI. ieh ikhf jFdf hY ik nypfl dy ies 70 sfl dy rfj ivwc cfr rfjy jF qF pfgl jF zrpok jF kmËor jF inpuMsk hI sfbq hoey. ies smyN qwk Bfrq ivwc eIst-ieMzIaf kMpnI ny afpxf pUrf kbËf kr ilaf sI. eIst ieMzIaf kMpnI nypfl ƒ vI afpxy kbËy aDIn lYxf cfhuMdI sI, pr nypfl dy jMg nrfiex Èfh vwloN kfPI cusqI KyzI geI aqy Aus ny ÈurU ivwc ies kMpnI nfl afpxI sMDI kr leI, ijs nfl kÈmIr qoN lY ky pUrb qwk qIsqf ndI ƒ aKIrI srhwd mMinaf. ies sMDI df nFa sugOlI sMDI sI, ijs ny nypfl rfj ƒ iewk pwky dyÈ df drjf idwqf aqy ieh Èfh Grfxf iksy vI duÈmx qoN byiPkr ho igaf. Èfh pirvfr kol DMn dOlq jfiedfd aqy POj vDdI geI, pr ies asImq DMn dOlq nfl dyÈ ivwc gorKy kbIilaF nfl duÈmxI vI vDdI geI. ipRQvI nrfiex Èfh ƒ Ausdy afpxy hI puwqr pRqfp isMG Èfh ny afpxy hI jrnYl bhfdr Èfh ƒ jylH ivwc bMd kr idwqf, pr bfad ivwc dyÈ inkfly dI Èrq anusfr Ausƒ Bfrq ivwc hI Èrx lYxI peI, pr pRqfp isMG dI mOq qoN bfad AusdI BYx lkÈmI rfjyNdr ny bhfdr Èfh ƒ vfps nypfl bulf ilaf. bhfdr Èfh dI duÈmxI Kqm nf hoeI aqy Aus ny lkÈmI rfjyNdr dy jrnYl srbjIq rfxf ƒ kql kr idwqf, pr bfad ivwc rfjyNdr lkÈmI dy puwqr ny bhfdr Èfh ƒ kql kr idwqf. rfxf bhfdr Èfh iewk bhuq hI grm idmfg df rfjf sI, ijs ny cfr ÈfdIaF kIqIaF. afpxy mqlb ƒ hwl krn leI Auh iksy df vI kql kr skdf sI. ies qoN bfad afAux vfly smyN ivwc Èfh sfmrfj dy ibÈq, Dfpf, pFzy aqy bfsnXfq kunibaf ivwc afpsI duÈmxI pYdf ho geI, ijs nfl Èfh Grfxf vI keI glq GtnfvF ivwc Psdf igaf.

rfj lkÈmI rfxI dy Kfs drbfrI ggn isMG ƒ Èfh pirvfr vwloN kql krvfieaf igaf, ikAuNik ieh Èwk kIqI geI ik Auh rfxI rfj lkÈmI nfl glq sbMD kfiem kr cuwkf hY. 1846 ivwc kot prvf nFa dI Gtnf aDIn ÈfhI drbfr vwloN 55 drbfrIaF df kql krvfieaf igaf, ijnHF df irÈqf Qfpf, pFzy aqy bfÈnXfq kunibaF nfl sI aqy agly hI idn 6000 pirvfr dy mYNbr kTmMzU Cwz ky Bfrq ivwc Cup gey aqy ienHF qoN bfad ÈfhI drbfr ivwc ‘kuMvr` nFa dy kbIly df dbdbf ho igaf aqy Auh Èfh drbfr ivwc 104 sfl kfbË rhy aqy AunHF ny nypfl df Èfh rfijaF dI aslI qfkq ƒ lwgBwg Kqm hI kr idwqf. sMsfr dI dUsrI vrlz vfr (sMsfr lVfeI) qoN bfad nypfl dy nOjuafn ivwc af jFdI pRqI iewk nvIN jfigRqI afeI, ikAuNik ieh sfry hI nOjvfnF ƒ rfjnIqI dI iswiKaf Bfrq vwloN hI pRfpq hoeI sI, Auh dyÈ ƒ ÈfhI Grfxy qoN afËfd krvfAux leI socx lwgy. ienHF nOjuafnF ivwc bI[pI[koeI glf, suvrnf ÈmÈyr dy nfm awj qwk cwly af rhy hn.

sMsfr dI dUjI jMg qoN bfad nypfl ivwc rfj swqf rfjf qrIBUvn kol afeI pr drbfrIaF ny Aus dy pYr vI nf lwgx idwqy. hflfq ivgVn qoN bfad Aus ny dOV ky Èrn Bfrq dy kTmMzU dy isPfrqKfny ivwc leI aqy sfl 1951 ivwc afpxI rfj swqf ƒ iqafgx df smJOqf dyÈ dI nOjuafn pIVHI nfl kIqf, pr ies smJOqy ƒ lfgU krn smyN rfjf qrIBUvn iPr munkr ho igaf aqy muV rfj gwdI ƒ sMBfl ilaf aqy sfl 1955 ivwc mOq dy smyN qwk dyÈ ivwc lokqMqrI srkfr ƒ iksy vI ZMg nfl tflmtol krdf irhf. rfjf qrIBvn dI afdq vflf Ausdf bytf mihMdr Èfh sI, Auh vI rfj swqf qoN iblkul dUr nhIN sI jfxf cfhuMdf. AunHF ny vI dyÈ ivwc sMivDfn bxfAux df sKq ivroD kIqf, pr dyÈ ivwc pfrtI rihq pMcfieq ƒ ËrUr hI lfgU kr idwqf, ijsdI vfgzor bI[pI[ koeIrflf dy hwQ ivwc idwqI aqy sfl 1960 ivwc lokqMqr srkfr ƒ cflU krn leI rfjf mihMdr Èfh vwloN ieh pihlf kdm sI, pr sfl 1990 ivwc rfjf mihMdr Èfh ƒ dyÈ ivwc bhupfrtI isstm lfgU krnf ipaf, jdoN ies msly sbMDI dyÈ ivwc iewk Kqrnfk jn-aMdoln ÈurU ho igaf. ies smyN qwk dyÈ dy pihly rfjf mihMdr Èfh dy puwqr rfj kumfr bIryNdr Èfh dyÈ dI gwdI sMBfl cuwky sn.

sfl 2001 dI pihlI jUn ƒ nypfl dyÈ dI rfjfÈfhI ivwc iewk Kqrnfk KUnI Kyl Kyizaf igaf, ijs ivwc rfjf bIryNdr Èfh nypfl dyÈ df bhuq hI hrmn ipafrf bfdÈfh mMinaf jFdf sI. sfrf hI dyÈ iewk ajIb hYrfnI aqy Gbrfht ivwc sI, pr jdoN ies Gtnf dI aslIaq df pqf lwgf qF dyÈ dI pUrI jnqf rfjfÈfhI ivwc afpxf pUrf hI ivÈvfs guaf bYTI. bhuq hI ajIb GtnfkRm ivwc rfjf bIryNdr df Cotf ccyrf Brf igafn ieMdr isMG dyÈ df rfjf bx igaf. ies Gtnf kRm qoN bfad rfjf igafnieMdr isMG dI aslI jIvnI sfhmxy afeI jdoN ieh pqf lwgf ik Auh iewk GumMzI, mqlbI aqy vwzIaF KfihÈF vflf rfjf sI, Aus ivwc vI afpxy ipqf vflI lflsf sI ik Auh dyÈ df rfjf bxy. Auh afpxy mqlb leI pfgl aqy aMnf hI sfbq hoieaf ikAuNik bIryNdr Èfh dy sfry hI pirvfr df kql Ausdy hI ijMmy lwgf, byÈwk Aus vwloN kql dI Xojnf ivwc afpxf inwjI hwQ sfbq nf hoieaf.
rfjf igafnieMdr ny PrvrI iewk 2005 ƒ nypfl dyÈ dI swqf afpxy aDIn kIqI, pr Ausƒ afpxIaF iqMn kmËorIaF jF nIqIaF df iblkul aihsfs nf hoieaf, AusdI ieh pihlI ieh socxI glq sfbq hoeI jdoN Ausny mfEvfdIaFØ dI qfkq df bhuq hI Gwt aMdfjf lgfieaf, Ausƒ ieh iblkul hI nhIN sI pqf ik mfEvfdI iewk qfkqvr sMgTn dy qOr qy Ausdy rfj nfl twkr lYxgy. AusdI dUsrI socxI iblkul glq sfbq hoeI ik Ausdy rfj plty ƒ Bfrq aqy amrIkf vwloN sihXog imlygf aqy AusdI qIjI glqI Ausƒ lY zuwbI ik nypfl dy lokF df rfjfÈfhI ivwc atwt ivÈvfs hY aqy dyÈ dI jnqf AunHF dI ies kfrvfeI df koeI vI ivroD nhIN krygI. sfl 1990 qoN bfad nypfl jnqf ivwc vI lgfqfr cyqnf vwDdI geI, AunHF dI ivcfrDfrf AuWqy eyÈIaf dy dUsry dyÈF df asr nËr afAux lwgf aqy dyÈ ivwc mfEvfdI lihr ƒ mËbUqI imlx lwgI. sfl 1996 qoN bfad ÈurU hoeI mfEvfdI lihr ƒ jnqf vwloN aYnf iËafdf sihXog pRfpq hoieaf ik apRYl 2006 qoN dyÈ ivwc dUsrf jbrdsq jn-aMdoln ÈurU ho igaf, ijs ny rfjf ÈfhI dIaF jVHF Kqm kr idwqIaF aqy nypfl rfj igafnieMdr df qfkqvr rfjpft zfvFzol ho igaf, ijs leI rfjf igafnieMdr pUrI qrHF ijMmyvfr hY. ho skdf hY ik nypfl ivwc ajy vI lokqMqr aYnI jldI nf afAuNdf pr rfjf dIaF anyk glqIaF ny ieh kMm jldI pUrf kr idwqf. nypfl dyÈ dI afm jnqf dI sUJ-bUJÎ dI qfrIP krnI hovygI ik dyÈ ivwc kqlyafm nhIN hoieaf, pr nvyN gxqqr ƒ ËrUr hI jnm dy idwqf.